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The word "character" is used several ways in mathematics.In this section it refers to a homomorphism from a group (written multiplicatively) to the multiplicative group of the field of complex numbers:
In mathematics, a primitive root may mean: Primitive root modulo n in modular arithmetic; Primitive nth root of unity amongst the solutions of z n = 1 in a field; See ...
The popularity of the "Great Goddess" concept of Neolithic religion can be traced to Gimbutas's concept of a peaceful matriarchal Neolithic, where a goddess was worshipped in a pan-European religion; the roots of the concept emerged as early as the 1940s and 1950s, with seminal works by Robert Graves, Jacquetta Hawkes, and O. G. S. Crawford ...
Artin's conjecture on primitive roots that if an integer is neither a perfect square nor , then it is a primitive root modulo infinitely many prime numbers Brocard's conjecture : there are always at least 4 {\displaystyle 4} prime numbers between consecutive squares of prime numbers, aside from 2 2 {\displaystyle 2^{2}} and 3 2 {\displaystyle 3 ...
An important relation linking cyclotomic polynomials and primitive roots of unity is ∏ d ∣ n Φ d ( x ) = x n − 1 , {\displaystyle \prod _{d\mid n}\Phi _{d}(x)=x^{n}-1,} showing that x {\displaystyle x} is a root of x n − 1 {\displaystyle x^{n}-1} if and only if it is a d th primitive root of unity for some d that divides n .
There are four primitive λ-roots modulo 15, namely 2, 7, 8, and 13 as . The roots 2 and 8 are congruent to powers of each other and the roots 7 and 13 are congruent to powers of each other, but neither 7 nor 13 is congruent to a power of 2 or 8 and vice versa.
If g is a primitive root modulo p, then g is also a primitive root modulo all powers p k unless g p −1 ≡ 1 (mod p 2); in that case, g + p is. [14] If g is a primitive root modulo p k, then g is also a primitive root modulo all smaller powers of p. If g is a primitive root modulo p k, then either g or g + p k (whichever one is odd) is a ...
In number theory, Artin's conjecture on primitive roots states that a given integer a that is neither a square number nor −1 is a primitive root modulo infinitely many primes p. The conjecture also ascribes an asymptotic density to these primes. This conjectural density equals Artin's constant or a rational multiple thereof.