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  2. Condenser (laboratory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)

    Condenser (laboratory) A distillation setup using a Liebig-type condenser (the tilted double-walled tube at the center). A liquid (not visible) in the flask at left is heated by the blue mantle to the boiling point. The vapor is then cooled as it goes through the inner tube of the condenser. There it becomes liquid again, and drips into the ...

  3. Dean–Stark apparatus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean–Stark_apparatus

    The Marcusson apparatus, Dean-Stark apparatus, Dean–Stark receiver, distilling trap, or Dean–Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water [1][2] (or occasionally other liquid) from a reactor. It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a distillation flask for the separation of water ...

  4. Cooling bath - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_bath

    Cooling bath. A typical experimental setup for an aldol reaction. Both flasks are submerged in a dry ice/acetone cooling bath (−78 °C) the temperature of which is being monitored by a thermocouple (the wire on the left). A cooling bath or ice bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low ...

  5. Fractionating column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_column

    A laboratory fractionating column is a piece of glassware used to separate vaporized mixtures of liquid compounds with close volatility. Most commonly used is either a Vigreux column or a straight column packed with glass beads or metal pieces such as Raschig rings. Fractionating columns help to separate the mixture by allowing the mixed vapors ...

  6. Air-free technique - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-free_technique

    Air-free techniques refer to a range of manipulations in the chemistry laboratory for the handling of compounds that are air-sensitive. These techniques prevent the compounds from reacting with components of air, usually water and oxygen; less commonly carbon dioxide and nitrogen. A common theme among these techniques is the use of a fine (10 0 ...

  7. Soxhlet extractor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxhlet_extractor

    A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus [ 1 ] invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. [ 2 ] It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.

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