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  2. Number theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory

    t. e. Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions. German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." [1]

  3. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  4. Farey sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farey_sequence

    In mathematics, the Farey sequence of order n is the sequence of completely reduced fractions, either between 0 and 1, or without this restriction, [a] which when in lowest terms have denominators less than or equal to n, arranged in order of increasing size. With the restricted definition, each Farey sequence starts with the value 0, denoted ...

  5. Möbius function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Möbius_function

    Möbius (or Moebius) function mu (n). mu (1) = 1; mu (n) = (-1)^k if n is the product of k different primes; otherwise mu (n) = 0. The Möbius function μ(n) is a multiplicative function in number theory introduced by the German mathematician August Ferdinand Möbius (also transliterated Moebius) in 1832. [i][ii][2] It is ubiquitous in ...

  6. Transcendental number theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number_theory

    Noncommutative algebra. v. t. e. Transcendental number theory is a branch of number theory that investigates transcendental numbers (numbers that are not solutions of any polynomial equation with rational coefficients), in both qualitative and quantitative ways.

  7. Basel problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem

    The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares. It was first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1650 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734, [1] and read on 5 December 1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. [2] Since the problem had withstood the attacks of ...

  8. Algebraic number theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number_theory

    Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses the techniques of abstract algebra to study the integers, rational numbers, and their generalizations. Number-theoretic questions are expressed in terms of properties of algebraic objects such as algebraic number fields and their rings of integers , finite fields , and function fields .

  9. Diophantine approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diophantine_approximation

    In number theory, the study of Diophantine approximation deals with the approximation of real numbers by rational numbers. It is named after Diophantus of Alexandria. The first problem was to know how well a real number can be approximated by rational numbers. For this problem, a rational number p / q is a "good" approximation of a real number ...

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