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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1][2][3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Supply chain collaboration. In supply chain management, supply chain collaboration is defined as two or more autonomous firms working jointly to plan and execute supply chain operations. It can deliver substantial benefits and advantages to collaborators. [1] It is known as a cooperative strategy when one or more companies or business units ...
Integrated Management Concept. The Integrated Management Concept, or IMC is an approach to structure management challenges by applying a " system-theoretical perspective that sees organisations as complex systems consisting of sub-systems, interrelations, and functions". [1] The most characteristic aspect of the IMC is its distinction between ...
The benefits of high market share naturally led to an interest in growth strategies. The relative advantages of horizontal integration, vertical integration, diversification, franchises, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and organic growth were discussed. Other research indicated that a low market share strategy could still be very ...
Market foreclosure or vertical foreclosure, is the production limitation put on a producing organisation if either it is denied access to a supplier (upstream foreclosure), or it is denied access to a downstream buyer (downstream foreclosure). [1] A supplier or intermediary in a supply chain could acquire this form of market power against ...
Tapered integration is a term from organization theory that refers to a mix of vertical integration and market exchange. [ 1] Upstream, a producer might manufacture some of the input itself and buy the remaining portion from independent firms. Downstream, the manufacturer might sell a portion of its output through an in-house sales force and ...
Internationalization. In economics, internationalization or internationalisation is the process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets, although there is no agreed definition of internationalization. [1] Internationalization is a crucial strategy not only for companies that seek horizontal integration globally but ...