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Condenser (laboratory) A distillation setup using a Liebig-type condenser (the tilted double-walled tube at the center). A liquid (not visible) in the flask at left is heated by the blue mantle to the boiling point. The vapor is then cooled as it goes through the inner tube of the condenser. There it becomes liquid again, and drips into the ...
Steam distillation is a separation process that consists of distilling water together with other volatile and non-volatile components. The steam from the boiling water carries the vapor of the volatiles to a condenser; both are cooled and return to the liquid or solid state, while the non-volatile residues remain behind in the boiling container ...
The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [1] and laboratory [2] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.
Liebig condenser. The Liebig condenser (/ ˈliːbɪɡ /, LEE-big) [1] or straight condenser is a piece of laboratory equipment, specifically a condenser consisting of a straight glass tube surrounded by a water jacket. In typical laboratory operation, such as distillation, the condenser is clamped to a retort stand in vertical or oblique ...
In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel ...
McCabe–Thiele method. The McCabe–Thiele method is a technique that is commonly employed in the field of chemical engineering to model the separation of two substances by a distillation column. [1][2][3] It uses the fact that the composition at each theoretical tray is completely determined by the mole fraction of one of the two components.
Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes, or isotopes, or a suspension) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient. [1][2] Fractions are collected based on differences in a ...
Short-path distillation is a distillation technique that involves the distillate traveling a short distance, often only a few centimeters, and is normally done at reduced pressure. [1][2] Short-path distillation systems often have a variety of names depending on the manufacturer of the system and what compounds are being distilled within them.