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There are 13 known isotopes of boron; the shortest-lived isotope is 7 B which decays through proton emission and alpha decay with a half-life of 3.5×10 −22 s. Isotopic fractionation of boron is controlled by the exchange reactions of the boron species B(OH) 3 and [B(OH) 4] −.
The boron group is notable for trends in the electron configuration, as shown above, and in some of its elements' characteristics. Boron differs from the other group members in its hardness, refractivity and reluctance to participate in metallic bonding. An example of a trend in reactivity is boron's tendency to form reactive compounds with ...
The mean oxidation number for the boron atoms is then simply the ratio of hydrogen to boron in the molecule. For example, in diborane B 2 H 6, the boron oxidation state is +3, but in decaborane B 10 H 14, it is 7 / 5 or +1.4. In these compounds the oxidation state of boron is often not a whole number.
A large family of boron hydride clusters is also known. In addition to some applications in organic chemistry, the boranes have attracted much attention as they exhibit structures and bonding that differs strongly from the patterns seen in hydrocarbons. Hybrids of boranes and hydrocarbons, the carboranes, are also a well developed class of ...
Boron (5 B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10 B and 11 B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest being that of 8 B, with a half-life of only 771.9(9) ms and 12 B with a half-life of 20.20(2) ms.
Pure boron can be prepared by reducing volatile boron halides with hydrogen at high temperatures. [7] [8] Very pure boron, for use in the semiconductor industry, is produced by the decomposition of diborane at high temperatures, followed by purification via zone melting or the Czochralski process. [9]
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