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Vadim Rogovin notes that the desire to fulfill the plan led to a situation of overstretching forces and a permanent search for reasons to justify the non-fulfillment of excessive tasks. [53] Because of this, industrialization could not feed solely on enthusiasm and demanded a series of compulsory measures.
Despite ongoing military actions, Baku remained the main provider of fuels and lubricants, sending 23.5 million tons of oil in the first year of the war alone. A total of 75 million tons of oil were transported for military needs throughout World War II. Vasiliy Istratov, former ambassador of Russia to Azerbaijan wrote:
The major institutions of Soviet-type planning in the Soviet Union (USSR) included a planning agency , an organization for allocating state supplies among the various organizations and enterprises in the economy and enterprises which were engaged in the production and delivery of goods and services in the economy. Enterprises comprised ...
Because of the success made by the first plan, Stalin did not hesitate with going ahead with the second five-year plan in 1932, although the official start date for the plan was 1933. The second five-year plan gave heavy industry top priority, putting the Soviet Union not far behind Germany as one of the major steel-producing countries of the ...
Programs not necessary to heavy industry were cut from the Soviet budget; and because of the redistribution of industrial funding, basic goods, such as food, became scarce. [30] The Soviet Union then decided that the workers necessary for further industrialization should be given most of the available food. [ 31 ]
Still, not all of Russia’s arguments are unreasonable. “There are some concerns on the Russian side that are legitimate,” Steven Pifer, a former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, told me.
However, the production of consumer goods was disproportionately low. Economic planners made little effort to determine the wishes of household consumers, resulting in severe shortages of many consumer goods. Whenever these consumer goods would become available on the market, consumers routinely had to stand in long lines (queues) to buy them. [31]
Chinese firms are playing an increasingly critical role in supporting Russia’s military capabilities in Ukraine, including by exporting goods that are ending up on the battlefield, new analysis ...