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The electrodes for electrical grounding are often called ground rods and are often made from steel with a copper clad surface – typically 1 to 2 m long and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in diameter. These are driven vertically into the ground and bonded together with bare copper wire. [1]
Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. ASTM Standard C1202-10. Standard Test Method for Surface Resistivity of Concrete's Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. Washington, D.C., USA: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2011. AASHTO TP 95.
The rod, perch, or pole (sometimes also lug) is a surveyor's tool [1] and unit of length of various historical definitions. In British imperial and US customary units, it is defined as 16 + 1 ⁄ 2 feet, equal to exactly 1 ⁄ 320 of a mile, or 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 yards (a quarter of a surveyor's chain), and is exactly 5.0292 meters.
The test uses a thick-walled sampling tube, with an outside diameter of 5.01 cm (2 in) and an inside diameter of 3.5 cm (1.375 in), and a length of at least 60 cm (24 in). The sampling tube is driven into the ground at the bottom of a borehole by blows from a hammer with a mass of 63.5 kg (140 lb) falling a distance of 75 cm (30 in). The sample ...
In many domestic and industrial buildings, a thick concrete slab supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor. These slabs are generally classified as ground-bearing or suspended. A slab is ground-bearing if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is suspended. [3]
Structural members form systems and transfer the loads that are acting upon the structural systems, through a series of elements to the ground. Building Structure Elements include Line ( beams , columns , cables , frames or arches , space frames , surface elements (walls, slab or shells ) and Freeform.
For particularly demanding applications, the main technical ground may consist of a heavy copper pipe, if necessary fitted by drilling through several concrete floors, such that all technical grounds may be connected by the shortest possible path to a grounding rod in the basement.
The instrument is used in 66 countries on six continents to measure the flatness and levelness of concrete floor slabs and pavements. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The Dipstick measures concrete floor slab flatness/levelness in terms of Face Floor Profile Numbers ("F-Numbers"), a profile measurement system adopted in 1990 by the American Concrete Institute . [ 5 ]