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Argonium (also called the argon hydride cation, the hydridoargon(1+) ion, or protonated argon; chemical formula ArH +) is a cation combining a proton and an argon atom. It can be made in an electric discharge , and was the first noble gas molecular ion to be found in interstellar space.
Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust. Nearly all argon in Earth's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40, derived from the decay of potassium-40 in Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in ...
Cooled argon gas can form clusters of atoms. Diargon, also known as the argon dimer, has a binding energy of 0.012 eV, but the Ar 13 and Ar 19 clusters have a sublimation energy (per atom) of 0.06 eV. For liquid argon, which could be written as Ar ∞, the energy increases to 0.08 eV. Clusters of up to several hundred argon atoms have been ...
The abundance of argon, on the other hand, is increased as a result of the beta decay of potassium-40, also found in the Earth's crust, to form argon-40, which is the most abundant isotope of argon on Earth despite being relatively rare in the Solar System. This process is the basis for the potassium-argon dating method. [72]
Different gases will have different mean free paths for molecules and electrons. This is because different molecules have ionization cross sections, that is, different effective diameters. Noble gases like helium and argon are monatomic, which makes them harder to ionize and tend to have smaller effective diameters. This gives them greater mean ...
This doubly charged ion has been made by accelerating the helium hydride ion to 900 keV, and firing it into argon. It only has a short life of 4 ns. [70] H 2 He + has been made and could occur in nature via H 2 + He + → H 2 He +. [70] H 3 He + n exists for n from 1 to over 30, and there are also clusters with more hydrogen atoms and helium. [73]
This is why the gas giant planets still retain significant amounts of hydrogen, which escape more readily from Earth's atmosphere. Finally, the distance a planet orbits from a star also plays a part; a close planet has a hotter atmosphere, with higher velocities and hence, a greater likelihood of escape.
The smallest molecule, hydrogen gas exists as dihydrogen (H-H) with a single covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms. As each hydrogen atom has a single 1s atomic orbital for its electron, the bond forms by overlap of these two atomic orbitals. In the figure the two atomic orbitals are depicted on the left and on the right.