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In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu(m) 𒁾) [1] were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age. Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of reed . Once written upon, many tablets were dried in the sun or air ...
The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
These records were written in the Sumerian language in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC during the Middle Bronze Age. [ 1 ] The Sumerians invented one of the first writing systems, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlier proto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC.
A smaller number of tablets were found in Jemdet Nasr ... Bulletin of Sumerian Agriculture 8.2, pp. 33–48, 1995 ... Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East ...
Sumerian was the last and most ancient language to be deciphered. Sale of a number of fields, probably from Isin, c. 2600 BC. The first known Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual tablet dates from the reign of Rimush. Louvre Museum AO 5477. The top column is in Sumerian, the bottom column is its translation in Akkadian. [44] [45]
The tokens were then progressively replaced by flat tablets, on which signs were recorded with a stylus. Actual writing is first recorded in Uruk (modern Iraq), at the end of the 4th millennium BC, and soon after in various parts of the Near East. [30] An ancient Sumerian poem gives the first known story of the invention of writing:
the first known Sumerian-Akkadian bilingual tablet dating to the reign of Rimush, circa 2270 BCE. [1] [2] the Urra=hubullu tablets (c. 2nd millennium BCE; Babylon) in Sumerian and Akkadian; one tablet is a Sumerian-Hurrian bilingual glossary. the bilingual Ebla tablets (2500–2250 BCE; Syria) in Sumerian and Eblaite
An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in cuneiform script on a clay tablet, written in year 4 of King Urukagina, c. 2350 BC. The Sumerians were one of the first known beer-drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew.