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Layer 8 is a term used to refer to user or political layer on top of the 7-layer OSI model of computer networking. [1] [2] The OSI model is a 7-layer abstract model that describes an architecture of data communications for networked computers. The layers build upon each other, allowing for the abstraction of specific functions in each one.
Some large / 8 blocks of IPv4 addresses, the former Class A network blocks, are assigned in whole to single organizations or related groups of organizations, either by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), or a regional Internet registry.
The article questioned the effect of the bill on $2 trillion in GDP and 3.1 million jobs, with a host of consequential problems on investment, liability and innovation. [141] Paul Graham , the founder of venture capital company Y Combinator opposed the bill, and banned all SOPA-supporting companies from their "demo day" events.
Cyberspace is an interconnected digital environment. It is a type of virtual world popularized with the rise of the Internet. [1] [2] The term entered popular culture from science fiction and the arts but is now used by technology strategists, security professionals, governments, military and industry leaders and entrepreneurs to describe the domain of the global technology environment ...
Having obtained a certain level security clearance does not mean that one automatically has access to or is given access to information cleared for that clearance level in the absence of a demonstrated "need to know". [20] The need-to-know determination is made by a disclosure officer, who may work in the office of origin of the information.
Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. Censorship is most often applied to specific internet domains (such as Wikipedia.org, for example) but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside the jurisdiction of the censoring state.
Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World is a 2006 book by Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu that assesses efforts to control the Internet. [1] Starting with a discussion of ideas for creating a borderless global community, the authors explore individuals, ideas and movements that affected the development of the Internet.
A Tier 1 network is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that can reach every other network on the Internet solely via settlement-free interconnection (also known as settlement-free peering). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Tier 1 networks can exchange traffic with other Tier 1 networks without paying any fees for the exchange of traffic in either direction. [ 3 ]