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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
strategies deriving from these for a long-term secure energy supply at affordable prices [3] The EWG studies examines ecological, technological and economic connections in the energy sector to estimate developments in the availability and supply of different energy sources and production techniques.
“The Economic Gains Have Begun To Expand Beyond The Oil And Gas Fields.” “Even so, there are signs the economic gains have begun to expand beyond the oil and gas fields and that the promise of abundant, low-cost fuels will give a competitive edge to industries from steel, aluminum
According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [ 7 ] Ito and co-workers observed the rate of addition reactions of aryl thiol radical to disubstituted olefins. [ 6 ]
The book uses economic theory to discuss and to quantify popular concepts of modern business strategy. [2] The text is technical in its approach but accessible due to its numerous real-world examples. The examples are drawn from around the globe and cover various business practices from the eighteenth century to modern days.
The book showed how operationally meaningful theorems can be described with a small number of analogous methods, thus providing "a general theory of economic theories." It moved mathematics out of the appendices (as in John R. Hicks's Value and Capital ) and helped change how standard economic analysis across subjects could be done with the ...
Thinking Strategically: The Competitive Edge in Business, Politics, and Everyday Life is a non-fiction book by Indian-American economist Avinash Dixit and Barry Nalebuff, a professor of economics and management at Yale School of Management. The text was initially published by W. W. Norton & Company on February 1, 1991. [1]