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The principal ray or chief ray (sometimes known as the b ray) in an optical system is the meridional ray that starts at an edge of an object and passes through the center of the aperture stop. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] [ 7 ] The distance between the chief ray (or an extension of it for a virtual image) and the optical axis at an image location defines the ...
A light ray is a line or curve that is perpendicular to the light's wavefronts (and is therefore collinear with the wave vector). A slightly more rigorous definition of a light ray follows from Fermat's principle, which states that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time. [1]
Each such part is called a ray and the point A is called its initial point. It is also known as half-line (sometimes, a half-axis if it plays a distinct role, e.g., as part of a coordinate axis). It is a one-dimensional half-space. The point A is considered to be a member of the ray.
A sphere in 3-space (also called a 2-sphere because it is a 2-dimensional object) consists of the set of all points in 3-space at a fixed distance r from a central point P. The solid enclosed by the sphere is called a ball (or, more precisely a 3-ball). The volume of the ball is given by
If p 1 and p 2 are given, p 3 may be calculated (given the value of the refractive index n) and therefore p 1 and p 2 suffice to determine the direction of the light ray. A ray traveling along axis x 3 is then defined by a point (x 1,x 2) in plane x 1 x 2 and a direction (p 1,p 2). It may then be defined by a point in four-dimensional phase ...
A view from inside a 3-torus. All of the cubes in the image are the same cube, since light in the manifold wraps around into closed loops. The three-dimensional torus , or 3-torus , is defined as any topological space that is homeomorphic to the Cartesian product of three circles, T 3 = S 1 × S 1 × S 1 . {\displaystyle \mathbb {T} ^{3}=S^{1 ...
Geometrical acoustics or ray acoustics is a branch of acoustics that studies propagation of sound on the basis of the concept of acoustic rays, defined as lines along which the acoustic energy is transported. [1] This concept is similar to geometrical optics, or ray optics, that studies light propagation in terms of optical rays.
Under relatively general conditions (the space is a possibly infinite-dimensional uniformly convex space, there can be infinitely many sites of a general form, etc.) Voronoi cells enjoy a certain stability property: a small change in the shapes of the sites, e.g., a change caused by some translation or distortion, yields a small change in the ...