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Based on this, Hutton's 1778 result is equivalent to G ≈ 8 × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2. Diagram of torsion balance used in the Cavendish experiment performed by Henry Cavendish in 1798, to measure G, with the help of a pulley, large balls hung from a frame were rotated into position next to the small balls.
The weight of an object on Earth's surface is the downwards force on that object, given by Newton's second law of motion, or F = m a (force = mass × acceleration). Gravitational acceleration contributes to the total gravity acceleration, but other factors, such as the rotation of Earth, also contribute, and, therefore, affect the weight of the ...
A ton-force is one of various units of force defined as the weight of one ton due to standard gravity. [note 1] ... ≈ 72 069.87 pdl [note 8] Short ton-force
To make this into an equal-sided formula or equation, there needed to be a multiplying factor or constant that would give the correct force of gravity no matter the value of the masses or distance between them (the gravitational constant). Newton would need an accurate measure of this constant to prove his inverse-square law.
A newton is defined as 1 kg⋅m/s 2 (it is a named derived unit defined in terms of the SI base units). [1]: 137 One newton is, therefore, the force needed to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the applied force.
In unit systems where force is a derived unit, like in SI units, g c is equal to 1. In unit systems where force is a primary unit, like in imperial and US customary measurement systems , g c may or may not equal 1 depending on the units used, and value other than 1 may be required to obtain correct results. [ 2 ]
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10 −14 ~10 fN Brownian motion force on an E. coli bacterium averaged over 1 second [8] ~10 fN Weight of an E. coli bacterium [9] [10] 10 −13 ~100 fN Force to stretch double-stranded DNA to 50% relative extension [8] 10 −12 piconewton (pN) ~4 pN Force to break a hydrogen bond [8] ~5 pN Maximum force of a molecular motor [8] 10 −11 10 − ...