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The Tengwar (/ ˈ t ɛ ŋ ɡ w ɑː r /) script is an artificial script, one of several scripts created by J. R. R. Tolkien, the author of The Lord of the Rings. Within the context of Tolkien's fictional world, the Tengwar were invented by the Elf Fëanor, and used first to write the Elvish languages Quenya and Telerin.
Being a skilled calligrapher, Tolkien invented scripts as well as languages. Some of his scripts were designed for use with his constructed languages, others for more practical ends. [1] The Privata Kodo Skauta (Private Scout Code) from 1909 was designed to be used in his personal diary; it had both an alphabet and some whole-word ideographs. [2]
The story of the Elvish languages as conceived by Tolkien from when he began working on The Lord of the Rings is that they all originated from Primitive Quendian or Quenderin, the proto-language of all the Elves who awoke together in the far east of Middle-earth, Cuiviénen, and began "naturally" to make a
Untranslated, but still appreciated: [6] the long version of "A Elbereth Gilthoniel," written in Tolkien's Tengwar script. The linguist Allan Turner [7] writes that "the sound pattern of a language was the source of a special aesthetic pleasure" for Tolkien. [8] In his essay about constructing languages, "A Secret Vice", Tolkien wrote that
The Cirth (Sindarin pronunciation:, meaning "runes"; sg. certh) is a semi‑artificial script, based on real‑life runic alphabets, one of several scripts invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works.
The first stanza of "Namárië", a Quenya poem written in Tengwar script "Namárië" (pronounced [na.ˈmaː.ri.ɛ]) is a poem by J. R. R. Tolkien written in one of his constructed languages, Quenya, and published in The Lord of the Rings. [T 1] It is subtitled "Galadriel's Lament in Lórien", which in Quenya is Altariello nainië Lóriendessë.
Two time periods have been put forward and defended as the most probable time of composition: the Seleucid period and the Roman period. [3] The Seleucid period proposals include the very beginning of the Maccabean Revolt (165 or 164 BCE), the height of Jonathan's military power (143 BCE), and the reign of John Hyrcanus (135–104 BCE). [4]
In the fictional setting of Middle-earth, little is known of Khuzdul (once written Khuzdûl), the Dwarves kept it secret, except for place names and a few phrases such as their battle-cry and Balin's tomb inscription in Moria, which read respectively: [1]