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The calculated CT value is the product of the disinfectant residual (in mg/L) and the detention time (in minutes), through the section at peak hourly flow. [5] These tables express the required CT values to achieve a desired removal of microorganisms of interest in drinking water (e.g. Giardia lamblia cysts) for a given disinfectant under ...
Chlorinated disinfection agents such as chlorine and monochloramine are strong oxidizing agents introduced into water in order to destroy pathogenic microbes, to oxidize taste/odor-forming compounds, and to form a disinfectant residual so water can reach the consumer tap safe from microbial contamination.
Manual Control Chlorinator for the liquefaction of chlorine for water purification, early 20th century. From Chlorination of Water by Joseph Race, 1918. The first continuous use of chlorine in the United States for disinfection took place in 1908 at Boonton Reservoir (on the Rockaway River), which served as the supply for Jersey City, New ...
It is the technology used to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), [1] which are commodity chemicals required by industry. Thirty five million tons of chlorine were prepared by this process in 1987. [2] In 2022, this had increased to about 97 million tonnes.
The product of the process, sodium hypochlorite, provides 0.7% to 1% chlorine. Anything below the concentration of 1% chlorine is considered a non-hazardous chemical [according to whom?] although still a very effective disinfectant. The sodium hypochlorite produced is in the range of pH 6-7.5, relatively neutral in regards to acidity or baseness.
Chlorine can be manufactured by the electrolysis of a sodium chloride solution , which is known as the Chloralkali process. The production of chlorine results in the co-products caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) and hydrogen gas (H 2). These two products, as well as chlorine itself, are highly reactive.
Condition monitoring by a simple head-flow test near duty point using repeatable measurements has long been used but could be more widely adopted. An extension of this method can be used to calculate the best time to overhaul a pump based on balancing the cost of overhaul against the increasing energy consumption that occurs as a pump wears.
Trichloroisocyanuric acid is an organic compound with the formula (CONCl) 3.It is used as an industrial disinfectant, bleaching agent and a reagent in organic synthesis. [1] [2] [3] This white crystalline powder, which has a strong "chlorine odour," is sometimes sold in tablet or granule form for domestic and industrial use.