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The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are ...
Initial voicing is a process of historical sound change in which voiceless consonants become voiced at the beginning of a word. For example, modern German sagen [ˈzaːɡn̩] , Yiddish זאָגן [ˈzɔɡn̩] , and Dutch zeggen [ˈzɛɣə] (all "say") all begin with [z] , which derives from [s] in an earlier stage of Germanic, as is still ...
Initial dropping is a sound change whereby the first consonants of words are dropped. Additionally, stress may shift from the first to the second syllable, and the first vowel may be shortened, reduced, or dropped, which can mean the loss of the entire first syllable of a word.
Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack". [14] Traditionally in Received Pronunciation, "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in ...
The voiceless alveolar sibilant [s] has a strong hissing sound, as the s in English sink. It is one of the most common sounds in the world. It is one of the most common sounds in the world. The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant [s̄] (an ad hoc notation), also called apico-dental, has a weaker lisping sound like English th in thin .
Similarly, in Thai, words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only the initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word ครับ reducing from /kʰrap̚˦˥/ to /kʰap̚˦˥/. [7] Another element of consonant clusters in Old Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position.
The position of the stress distinguishes the words and so a full phonemic specification would include indication of the position of the stress: /ɪnˈvaɪt/ for the verb, /ˈɪnvaɪt/ for the noun. In other languages, such as French , word stress cannot have this function (its position is generally predictable) and so it is not phonemic (and ...
English's orthography includes norms for spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation. As with the orthographies of most other world languages , written English is broadly standardised.