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Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the sum of activity and interventions required to ensure the best possible physical, mental, and social conditions so that patients with chronic or post-acute cardiovascular disease may, by their own efforts, preserve or resume their proper place in society and lead an active life". [1]
The risk factors [110] for treatment resistant depression are: the duration of the episode of depression, severity of the episode, if bipolar, lack of improvement in symptoms within the first couple of treatment weeks, anxious or avoidant and borderline comorbidity and old age. Treatment resistant depression is best handled with a combination ...
In a single controlled study of twenty one patients, the dopamine D 3 receptor agonist pramipexole was found to be highly effective in the treatment of bipolar depression. Treatment was initiated at 0.125 mg thrice daily and increased at a rate of 0.125 mg thrice daily to a limit of 4.5 mg per day until the patients' condition satisfactorily ...
However, during a 12-month follow-up, ACT proved to be more effective, showing that it is a highly viable lasting treatment model for anxiety disorders. [98] Computerized CBT (CCBT) has been proven to be effective by randomized controlled and other trials in treating depression and anxiety disorders, [50] [53] [85] [99] [74] [100] including ...
Several treatment guidelines recommend pharmaceutical treatments that include either the combination of a second-generation antidepressant and atypical antipsychotic or tricyclic antidepressant monotherapy or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as the first-line treatment for unipolar psychotic depression. [13] [14] [15] [16]
Initial treatment often includes the medications aspirin and nitroglycerin. [1] [4] The response to treatment does not usually indicate whether the pain is heart-related. [1] When the cause is unclear, the person may be referred for further evaluation. [3] Chest pain represents about 5% of presenting problems to the emergency room. [3]
Treatment of bipolar disorder using antidepressants may carry a risk of affective switches where a person switches from depression to manic or hypomanic phases or mixed states. [24] There may also be a risk of accelerating cycling between phases when antidepressants are used in bipolar disorder.
Treatment guidelines from the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence [37] recommend against the use of SSRIs in this disorder. Those from the American Psychiatric Association note that SSRIs confer no advantage regarding weight gain, but that they may be used for the treatment of co-existing depression, anxiety, or OCD. [38]