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A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
NMC batteries support about 1,000 to 2,300 cycles, depending on conditions. [6] LFP cells experience a slower rate of capacity loss (a.k.a. greater calendar-life) than lithium-ion battery chemistries such as cobalt (LiCoO 2) or manganese spinel (LiMn 2 O 4) lithium-ion polymer batteries (LiPo battery) or lithium-ion batteries. [42]
Anode-free lithium ion batteries have been demonstrated using a variety of cathode materials, such as LiFePO 4, LiCoO 2, and LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 (NMC 111).. These intercalation-type cathodes typically offer limited Li content (14.3 at.% for LiFePO4, 25 at.% for LiCoO2 and LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2), although they remain the primary research targets. [2]
Rechargeable lithium metal batteries are secondary lithium metal batteries.They have metallic lithium as a negative electrode.The high specific capacity of lithium metal (3,860 mAh g −1), very low redox potential (−3.040 V versus standard hydrogen electrode) and low density (0.59 g cm −3) make it the ideal negative material for high energy density battery technologies. [1]
Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO 4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, [1] a type of Li-ion battery. [2]
A white solid, it is used as an electrolyte in some lithium batteries. [1] It is one of several borate oxalates . According to X-ray crystallography , solid LiBOB consists of tetrahedral B(C 2 O 4 ) − 2 anions linked by Li + cations.
Thin-film lithium-ion batteries offer improved performance by having a higher average output voltage, lighter weights thus higher energy density (3x), and longer cycling life (1200 cycles without degradation) and can work in a wider range of temperatures (between -20 and 60 °C)than typical rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.
A lithium-titanate battery is a modified lithium-ion battery that uses lithium-titanate nanocrystals, instead of carbon, on the surface of its anode.This gives the anode a surface area of about 100 square meters per gram, compared with 3 square meters per gram for carbon, allowing electrons to enter and leave the anode quickly.