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The variation has led to the suggestion that treatment responsive and treatment resistant schizophrenia be considered as two different subtypes. [149] [159] It is further suggested that if the subtypes could be distinguished at an early stage significant implications could follow for treatment considerations, and for research. [154]
The primary treatment of schizophrenia is the use of antipsychotic medications, often in combination with psychosocial interventions and social supports. [ 27 ] [ 185 ] Community support services including drop-in centers, visits by members of a community mental health team , supported employment , [ 186 ] and support groups are common.
The community reinforcement approach can be combined with contingency management; [22] tokens are used, whereas contingency management employs the term voucher (or related terms). Research shows this kind of token economy is easily applied outside of hospitals and is effective, allowing for less hospital-based treatment – although contingency ...
'This will turn out to be the most important break in the disease,' the Broad Institute's director Eric Lander said.
Evidence suggests that serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α are significantly elevated in patients with chronic treatment-resistant schizophrenia. [20] [21] [22] Nuclear factor-kappa B regulates the expression of cytokines and an increase in NF-κB levels leads to an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels [19]
Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), [94] but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people. [95]
Clozapine is an effective treatment for those who respond poorly to other drugs ("treatment-resistant" or "refractory" schizophrenia), [140] but it has the potentially serious side effect of agranulocytosis (lowered white blood cell count) in less than 4% of people. [130] [141] [142] Most people on antipsychotics get side effects.
Psychotherapy is a relatively new method used in treatment of mental disorders. The practice of individual psychotherapy as a treatment of mental disorders is about 100 years old. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was the first one to introduce this concept in psychoanalysis. [6]
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