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SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name 10 −1 M dM decimolar 10 1 M daM decamolar 10 −2 M cM centimolar 10 2 M hM hectomolar 10 −3 M mM millimolar 10 3 M kM kilomolar 10 −6 M μM micromolar 10 6 M MM megamolar 10 −9 M nM nanomolar 10 9 M GM gigamolar 10 −12 M pM picomolar 10 12 M TM teramolar 10 −15 M fM femtomolar 10 15 M PM petamolar
In chemistry, the molar absorption coefficient or molar attenuation coefficient (ε) [1] is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs, and thereby attenuates, light at a given wavelength.
energy: joule (J) Young's modulus: pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2) eccentricity: unitless Euler's number (2.71828, base of the natural logarithm) unitless electron: unitless elementary charge: coulomb (C) force: newton (N) Faraday constant: coulombs per mole (C⋅mol −1)
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
The standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions.A degree sign (°) or a superscript Plimsoll symbol (⦵) is used to designate a thermodynamic quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°), or change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°).
Energy change per unit change in surface area N/m or J/m 2: M T −2: Thermal conductance κ (or) λ: Measure for the ease with which an object conducts heat W/K L 2 M T −3 Θ −1: extensive Thermal conductivity: λ: Measure for the ease with which a material conducts heat W/(m⋅K) L M T −3 Θ −1: intensive Thermal resistance R
By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information 3–7×10 −21 J Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV) [11] [12] 4.1×10 −21 J The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV) [13]
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.