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However, vectors may also have elements that allow them to be maintained in another organism such as yeast, plant or mammalian cells, and these vectors are called shuttle vectors. Such vectors have bacterial or viral elements which may be transferred to the non-bacterial host organism, however other vectors termed intragenic vectors have also ...
Vector (molecular biology), a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell Cloning vector, a small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for cloning purposes
Viral vectors are employed for cellular reprogramming, like inducing pluripotent stem cells or differentiating adult somatic cells into different cell types. [9] Researchers also use viral vectors to create transgenic mice and rats for experiments. [10] Viral vectors can be used for in vivo imaging via the introduction of a reporter gene.
In the physical chemistry study of polymers, the end-to-end vector is the vector that points from one end of a polymer to the other end. If each monomer unit in a polymer is represented by a point in space, the translation vectors r → i {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}} connect between these points.
In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold, a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of proteins used by the team.
IUPAC definition for a crosslink in polymer chemistry. In chemistry and biology, a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins).
Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects feed on blood, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host.
Likewise, vectors whose components are contravariant push forward under smooth mappings, so the operation assigning the space of (contravariant) vectors to a smooth manifold is a covariant functor. Secondly, in the classical approach to differential geometry, it is not bases of the tangent bundle that are the most primitive object, but rather ...