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Shaping Psychology: Perspectives on Legacy, Controversy and the Future of the Field is a 2020 book written by Tomasz Witkowski. The book is a collection of comprehensive conversations with influential psychologists from the early 21st century.
Shaping sometimes fails. An oft-cited example is an attempt by Marian and Keller Breland (students of B.F. Skinner) to shape a pig and a raccoon to deposit a coin in a piggy bank, using food as the reinforcer. Instead of learning to deposit the coin, the pig began to root it into the ground, and the raccoon "washed" and rubbed the coins together.
Three Principles Psychology (TPP), previously known as Health Realization (HR), is a resiliency approach to personal and community psychology [1] first developed in the 1980s by Roger C. Mills and George Pransky, who were influenced by the teachings of philosopher and author Sydney Banks. [2]
When shaping is combined with other evidence-based practices such as Functional Communication Training (FCT), [25] it can yield positive outcomes for human behavior. Shaping typically uses continuous reinforcement, but the response can later be shifted to an intermittent reinforcement schedule. Shaping is also used for food refusal. [26]
Sternberg's definition of human intelligence is "(a) mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one's life". [3] Thus, Sternberg viewed intelligence as how well an individual deals with environmental changes throughout their lifespan.
Parallel processing has been linked, by some experimental psychologists, to the stroop effect (resulting from the stroop test where there is a mismatch between the name of a color and the color that the word is written in). [5] In the stroop effect, an inability to attend to all stimuli is seen through people's selective attention. [6]
The Szondi test is a 1935 nonverbal projective personality test developed by Léopold Szondi. [1] [2] He theorized people's decisions are determined by genetically coded preferences ("drives") that untimately shape their entire life ("fate"/"destiny"), and these unconscious preferences can be uncovered through the subject's attraction to photographs of similar individuals.
Probability predicts these test results for a test of 25 questions with five possible answers if chance is operating: 79.3% of people will get between 3 and 7 correct. 10.9% will get 8 or more correct. One person in 73,700 will get 15 or more correct. One person in 5.16 billion will get 20 or more correct.