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  2. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

    To do this, one should pick n as a multiple of 213, because then ⁠ 113n / 213 ⁠ is an integer; one then drops n needles, and hopes for exactly x = ⁠ 113n / 213 ⁠ successes. If one drops 213 needles and happens to get 113 successes, then one can triumphantly report an estimate of π accurate to six decimal places. If not, one can just do ...

  3. Fermi problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_problem

    A Fermi problem (or Fermi question, Fermi quiz), also known as an order-of-magnitude problem, is an estimation problem in physics or engineering education, designed to teach dimensional analysis or approximation of extreme scientific calculations. Fermi problems are usually back-of-the-envelope calculations.

  4. Proof that 22/7 exceeds π - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_that_22/7_exceeds_π

    Proofs of the mathematical result that the rational number ⁠ 22 / 7 ⁠ is greater than π (pi) date back to antiquity. One of these proofs, more recently developed but requiring only elementary techniques from calculus, has attracted attention in modern mathematics due to its mathematical elegance and its connections to the theory of Diophantine approximations.

  5. Christofides algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christofides_algorithm

    There exist inputs to the travelling salesman problem that cause the Christofides algorithm to find a solution whose approximation ratio is arbitrarily close to 3/2. One such class of inputs are formed by a path of n vertices, with the path edges having weight 1 , together with a set of edges connecting vertices two steps apart in the path with ...

  6. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methods_for...

    In a BVP, one defines values, or components of the solution y at more than one point. Because of this, different methods need to be used to solve BVPs. For example, the shooting method (and its variants) or global methods like finite differences, [3] Galerkin methods, [4] or collocation methods are appropriate for that class of problems.

  7. Order of approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_approximation

    First-order approximation is the term scientists use for a slightly better answer. [3] Some simplifying assumptions are made, and when a number is needed, an answer with only one significant figure is often given ("the town has 4 × 10 3, or four thousand, residents"). In the case of a first-order approximation, at least one number given is exact.

  8. Approximation algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation_algorithm

    For example, one of the long-standing open questions in computer science is to determine whether there is an algorithm that outperforms the 2-approximation for the Steiner Forest problem by Agrawal et al. [3] The desire to understand hard optimization problems from the perspective of approximability is motivated by the discovery of surprising ...

  9. Iterative method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_method

    In computational mathematics, an iterative method is a mathematical procedure that uses an initial value to generate a sequence of improving approximate solutions for a class of problems, in which the i-th approximation (called an "iterate") is derived from the previous ones.

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