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The Merck Manuals (outside the U.S. and Canada: The MSD Manuals; Chinese: 默沙东诊疗手册; pinyin: Mòshādōng Zhěnliáo Shǒucè) are medical references published by the American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada), that cover a wide range of medical topics, including disorders, tests, diagnoses, and drugs.
oculus dexter (right eye) OH Ocular history OMB Oculo motor balance ONH Optic nerve head Oph Ophthalmoscopy OS oculus sinister (left eye) OU oculus uterque (both eyes) PD Pupillary distance PERRLA Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation PH Pinhole see Pinhole occluder and Visual_acuity#Legal_definitions: PHNI Pinhole No Improvement
The pupil is a hole through which the eye's interior can be viewed. For better viewing, the pupil can be opened wider (dilated; mydriasis) before ophthalmoscopy using medicated eye drops (dilated fundus examination). However, undilated examination is more convenient (albeit not as comprehensive), and is the most common type in primary care.
Confrontation visual field testing is an important part of a routine ophthalmological or neurological examination. It can be used for rapid and gross assessment of large-scale visual field problems due to ophthalmological or neurological diseases, such as homonymous and heteronymous hemianopias, quadranopsia, altitudinal visual loss, central/centrocecal scotoma etc. [1] [2] Test using a red ...
The first edition of The Merck Manual was published in 1899 by Merck & Co., Inc. for physicians and pharmacists and was titled Merck's Manual of the Materia Medica. [6] [7] The 192 page book which sold for US $1.00, was divided into three sections, Part I ("Materia Medica") was an alphabetical listing of all known compounds thought to be of therapeutic value with uses and doses; Part II ...
Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the Amsler grid. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter. The exam may be performed by a technician in one of several ways. The test may be performed by a technician directly, with the assistance of a machine, or completely by an automated machine.
In 2014, the median days away from work due to MSDs was 13, and there were 10.4 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in which an MSD caused a worker to be away from work for 31 or more days. [37] MSDs are widespread in many occupations, including those with heavy biomechanical load like construction and factory work, and those with lighter loads ...
An eye examination, commonly known as an eye test, [1] is a series of tests performed to assess vision and ability to focus on and discern objects. [2] It also includes other tests and examinations of the eyes. [2] Eye examinations are primarily performed by an optometrist, ophthalmologist, or an orthoptist.