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Since the first description of cryoglobulinemia in association with the clinical triad of skin purpura, joint pain, and weakness by Meltzer et al. in 1966, [4] [5] the percentage of cryoglobulinemic diseases described as essential cryoglobulinemia or idiopathic cryoglobulinemia (that is, cryoglobulinemic disease that is unassociated with an underlying disorder) has fallen.
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is a form of inflammation affecting the blood vessels caused by the deposition of abnormal proteins called cryoglobulins.These immunoglobulin proteins are soluble at normal body temperatures, but become insoluble below 37 °C (98.6 °F) and subsequently may aggregate within smaller blood vessels.
Cryoglobulins type II and III, also known as mixed cryoglobulinemia, are composed of polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig)G and either monoclonal IgM or both with rheumatoid factor activity. The disease can present with a wide range of symptoms, from minor ones like fatigue , purpura , or arthralgia to more serious ones like glomerulonephritis and ...
Cryofibrinogenemia refers to a condition classified as a fibrinogen disorder in which a person's blood plasma is allowed to cool substantially (i.e. from its normal temperature of 37 °C to the near-freezing temperature of 4 °C), causing the (reversible) precipitation of a complex containing fibrinogen, fibrin, fibronectin, and, occasionally, small amounts of fibrin split products, albumin ...
Mixed cryoglobulinemia, gait ataxia, late-onset polyneuropathy syndrome; Myelin-associated glycoprotein-associated gammopathy, polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M-protein and skin changes syndrome ; Other possible diagnoses are Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis; Fisher syndrome; Guillain–Barré syndrome
Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (CSVV) is inflammation of small blood vessels, usually accompanied by small lumps beneath the skin. [1]: 831 [2] The condition is also known as hypersensitivity vasculitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hypersensitivity angiitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and cutaneous necrotizing venulitis, [3]
Other immune-mediated hematological disorders, such as essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and aplastic anemia have been described as part of the extrahepatic manifestations of HBV infection, but their association is not as well-defined; therefore, they probably should not be considered etiologically linked to HBV. [28]
Cold agglutinins are antibodies, typically immunoglobulin M (), that are acquainted with and then binding the antigens on red blood cells, typically antigens "I" or "i" on the RBC surface, [1] in the environment in which the temperatures are lower than normal core body temperature and, thus, ends up leading to agglutinations of the red blood cells and hemolysis reaction occurring outside the ...