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Borrelia burgdorferi is a microaerophile, requiring small amounts of oxygen in order to undergo glycolysis and survive. Like all other Borrelia sps., this bacterium is also gram-negative and a spirochete. Borrelia colonies are often smaller, rounded, and white with an elevated center. [7] B. burgdorferi possesses flagella that allow it motility.
Borrelia species have an outer membrane that contains a substance similar to lipopolysaccharides, an inner membrane, and a layer of peptidoglycan in a periplasmic space, which classifies them as Gram-negative. [5] However, this result is not easily visualized using Gram staining. [5] They are typically 20–30 μm long and 0.2–0.3 μm wide. [5]
Lyme disease is caused by spirochetes, gram-negative bacteria from the genus Borrelia. Spirochetes are surrounded by peptidoglycan and flagella. [57] The Lyme-related Borrelia species are collectively known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and show a great deal of genetic diversity. [58]
B. burgdorferi is a highly specialized, motile, two-membrane, flat-waved spirochete, ranging from about 9 to 32 μm in length. [44] Because of its double-membrane envelope, it is often mistakenly described as Gram negative, [45] though it stains weakly in Gram stain.
Bacteria within the Deinococcota group may also exhibit Gram-positive staining but contain some cell wall structures typical of Gram-negative bacteria. The cell wall of some Gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attack the bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine.
Positive Rods Facultative anaerobic: Extracellular Bartonella [31] Bartonella henselae; Bartonella quintana; Negative Rods Aerobic Facultative intracellular Bordetella [31] Bordetella pertussis [32] [33] Negative Small coccobacilli: Aerobic Extracellular Borrelia [31] Borrelia burgdorferi; Borrelia garinii; Borrelia afzelii; Borrelia ...
Borrelia mayonii is a Gram-negative, host-associated spirochete that is capable of causing Lyme disease. This organism can infect various vertebrate hosts such as humans via the bite of a black legged tick .
Both gram positive and gram negative infections are commonly spread through the blood from an infective source; but can be introduced directly into the joint or from surrounding tissue. [11] It often affects older people, and often happens suddenly, involving only one joint. Joint aspiration cultures are positive in 90% of cases, while only 50% ...