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In Portugal, morrinha is a word to describe sprinkles, while morrinhar means "to sprinkle." (The most common Portuguese equivalents are chuvisco and chuviscar , respectively.) Morrinha is also used in northern Portugal for referring to sick animals, for example of sheep dropsy , [ 23 ] and occasionally to sick or sad people, often with irony.
In discrete emotion theory, all humans are thought to have an innate set of basic emotions that are cross-culturally recognizable.These basic emotions are described as "discrete" because they are believed to be distinguishable by an individual's facial expression and biological processes. [1]
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Words for these concepts are sometimes cited as antonyms to schadenfreude, as each is the opposite in some way. There is no common English term for pleasure at another's happiness (i.e.; vicarious joy), though terms like 'celebrate', 'cheer', 'congratulate', 'applaud', 'rejoice' or 'kudos' often describe a shared or reciprocal form of pleasure.
[6] [7] [8] However, others claim jealousy is a culture-specific emotion. [ 9 ] Jealousy can either be suspicious or reactive , [ 10 ] and it is often reinforced as a series of particularly strong emotions and constructed as a universal human experience.
Appraisal models of emotion propose that emotions are triggered by specific mental states, each with their own distinct form and function. Like the basic model of emotion, appraisal models suggest that once an emotion is activated, its expression is biologically programmed and manifests consistently whenever that emotion is experienced.
Awe is difficult to define, and the meaning of the word has changed over time. Related concepts are wonder, admiration, elevation, and the sublime. In Awe: The Delights and Dangers of Our Eleventh Emotion, neuropsychologist and positive psychology guru Paul Pearsall presents a phenomenological study of awe. He defines awe as an "overwhelming ...
Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions. For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest , enjoyment , surprise , distress , fear , anger , shame , dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust .