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The Reformatsky reaction (sometimes transliterated as Reformatskii reaction) is an organic reaction which condenses aldehydes or ketones with α-halo esters using metallic zinc to form β-hydroxy-esters: [1] [2] The Reformatsky reaction. The organozinc reagent, also called a 'Reformatsky enolate', is prepared by treating an alpha-halo ester ...
Hagemann's ester has been used as a key building block in many syntheses. [3] For example, a key intermediate for the fungal hormone trisporic acid was made by its alkylation [5] and it has been used to make sterols. [6]
An ester of a carboxylic acid.R stands for any group (typically hydrogen or organyl) and R ′ stands for any organyl group.. In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R ′). [1]
Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well (i.e. esters of acidic −SH, −SeH, −TeH, −PoH and −LvH groups). According to some authors, organyl derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are esters as well (e.g. amides), but not according to the IUPAC. [1]
In a qualitative test a sample is first reacted with a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen iodide in a test tube. The ensuing reaction results in the cleavage of the ether or the ester into an alkyl iodide and respectively an alcohol or a carboxylic acid .
Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is also known as saponification. A base such as sodium hydroxide is required in stochiometric amounts. Unlike acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, it is not an equilibrium reaction and proceeds to completion.
Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of estrogens; Template:Structural properties of major testosterone esters; Template:Structural properties of major anabolic steroid esters; List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters
The primary advantages of Fischer esterification compared to other esterification processes are based on its relative simplicity. Straightforward acidic conditions can be used if acid-sensitive functional groups are not an issue; sulfuric acid can be used; weaker acids can be used with a tradeoff of longer reaction times.