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This work has been released into the public domain by its author, Vltor Weapon Systems.This applies worldwide. In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so: ...
The fundamental feature of a storage location is that its content is both readable and updatable. Before a storage location can be read or updated it needs to be created; that is allocated and initialized with content. At some later point, the storage location may need to be destructed; that is finalized and deallocated.
A functional specification (also, functional spec, specs, functional specifications document (FSD), functional requirements specification) in systems engineering and software development is a document that specifies the functions that a system or component must perform (often part of a requirements specification) (ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765-2010).
It is also not easy to create their equally efficient general-purpose immutable counterparts. For purely functional languages, the worst-case slowdown is logarithmic in the number of memory cells used, because mutable memory can be represented by a purely functional data structure with logarithmic access time (such as a balanced tree). [85]
However, not all persistent data structures are purely functional. [1]: 16 For example, a persistent array is a data-structure which is persistent and which is implemented using an array, thus is not purely functional. [citation needed] In the book Purely functional data structures, Okasaki compares destructive updates to master chef's knives.
The C++ Standard Library includes in the header file functional many different predefined function objects, including arithmetic operations (plus, minus, multiplies, divides, modulus, and negate), comparisons (equal_to, not_equal_to, greater, less, greater_equal, and less_equal), and logical operations (logical_and, logical_or, and logical_not).
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Void content in composites is represented as a ratio, also called void ratio, where the volume of voids, solid material, and bulk volume are taken into account.Void ratio can be calculated by the formula below where e is the void ratio of the composite, V v is the volume of the voids, and V t is the volume of the bulk material.