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Stacks are often described using the analogy of a spring-loaded stack of plates in a cafeteria. [16] [1] [17] Clean plates are placed on top of the stack, pushing down any plates already there. When the top plate is removed from the stack, the one below it is elevated to become the new top plate.
Most sequential data types are implemented by a data structure containing a reference to the end, and thus peek is simply implemented by dereferencing this. In some cases it is more complicated, however. For some data types, such as stacks, this can be replicated in terms of more basic operations, but for other data types, such as queues, it ...
In the case of arrays, access is done with the array index. In the case of stacks, access is done according to the LIFO (last in, first out) order and in the case of queues it is done according to the FIFO (first in, first out) order; storage, that is the way of storing the objects of the container;
The stack is often used to store variables of fixed length local to the currently active functions. Programmers may further choose to explicitly use the stack to store local data of variable length. If a region of memory lies on the thread's stack, that memory is said to have been allocated on the stack, i.e. stack-based memory allocation (SBMA).
Modern C++ compilers are tuned to minimize abstraction penalties arising from heavy use of the STL. The STL was created as the first library of generic algorithms and data structures for C++, with four ideas in mind: generic programming, abstractness without loss of efficiency, the Von Neumann computation model, [2] and value semantics.
Stack-based algorithms manipulate data by popping data from and pushing data to the stack. Operators govern how the stack manipulates data. To emphasize the effect of a statement, a comment is often used showing the top of the stack before and after the statement; this is known as the stack effect diagram.
The dynamic array approach uses a variant of a dynamic array that can grow from both ends, sometimes called array deques. These array deques have all the properties of a dynamic array, such as constant-time random access , good locality of reference , and inefficient insertion/removal in the middle, with the addition of amortized constant-time ...
Some examples include circular buffers, named bits on an I/O port, and automatically indexed arrays. Data objects defined by these and similar words are global in scope. The function provided by local variables in other languages is provided by the data stack in Forth (although Forth also has real local variables).