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Candidate genes for this type of stress response have also been found in plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Different species of Cannabis carry unique variations of gene expression, with some having a greater ability to utilize salt tolerance by keeping potassium levels high enough as to deny sodium uptake. [25]
However, due to first-pass metabolism in the liver and the high lipid solubility of THC, only about 5 to 20% reaches circulation. [ 3 ] [ 21 ] Following oral administration, concentrations of THC and its major active metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) peak after 0.5 to 4 hours, with median time to peak of 1.0 to 2.5 hours at different doses.
Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabutol (tetrahydrocannabinol-C4, THC-C4, Δ 9-THCB, (C4)-Δ 9-THC, butyl-THC) is a phytocannabinoid found in cannabis that is a homologue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of Cannabis. [1] Structurally, they are only different by the pentyl side chain being replaced by a butyl side chain.
Cannabis concentrate, also called marijuana concentrate, marijuana extract, or cannabis extract, is a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and/or cannabidiol (CBD) concentrated mass. Cannabis concentrates contain high THC levels that range from 40% to over 90%, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] stronger in THC content than high-grade marijuana, which normally measures around ...
Other concerns include difficulties for drug testing due to novel metabolites, or high potency/binding affinity of isomers for cannabinoid receptors showing potential for abuse (i.e., THCP, which has 33× the binding affinity of Δ 9-THC) [70] [71] From 2021 to 2023, the Δ 8-THC market generated US$2 billion in revenue. [72]
In an in vitro analysis by the University of Rhode Island on cannabinoids it was found that 11-OH-Δ 9-THC had the 3rd highest 3C-like protease inhibitor activity against COVID-19 out of all the cannabinoids tested within that study but not as high as the antiviral drug GC376 (56% for 11-OH-Δ 9-THC vs. 100% for GC376). [8]
Delta-8 THC has garnered attention in recent years thanks to a loophole in the 2018 farm bill, which legalized hemp, defined as a cannabis plant that contains less than 0.3% delta-9 THC.
11-Hydroxy-Δ-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-Δ 8-THC, alternatively numbered as 7-OH-Δ 6-THC) is an active metabolite of Δ 8-THC, a psychoactive cannabinoid found in small amounts in cannabis. It is an isomer of 11-OH-Δ 9-THC, and is produced via the same metabolic pathway. It was the first cannabinoid metabolite discovered in 1970.