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Pergamon or Pergamum (/ ˈ p ɜːr ɡ ə m ə n / or / ˈ p ɜːr ɡ ə m ɒ n /; Ancient Greek: Πέργαμον), also referred to by its modern Greek form Pergamos (Πέργαμος), [a] [1] was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Aeolis.
The Kingdom of Pergamon, Pergamene Kingdom, or Attalid kingdom was a Greek state during the Hellenistic period that ruled much of the Western part of Asia Minor from its capital city of Pergamon. It was ruled by the Attalid dynasty ( / ˈ æ t əl ɪ d / ; Greek : Δυναστεία των Ατταλιδών , romanized : Dynasteía ton ...
The reconstructed Pergamon Altar in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. Side view Carl Humann's 1881 plan of the Pergamon acropolis. The Pergamon Altar (Ancient Greek: Βωμός τῆς Περγάμου) was a monumental construction built during the reign of the Ancient Greek King Eumenes II in the first half of the 2nd century BC on one of the terraces of the acropolis of Pergamon in Asia Minor ...
Attalus I (Ancient Greek: Ἄτταλος ' Attalos '), surnamed Soter (Greek: Σωτήρ, ' Savior '; 269–197 BC), [2] was the ruler of the Greek polis of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) and the larger Pergamene Kingdom from 241 BC to 197 BC.
In Greek mythology, Pergamus (/ ˈ p ɜːr ɡ ə m ə s /; Ancient Greek: Πέργαμος) was the son of the warrior Neoptolemus and Andromache.Pergamus's parents both figure in the Trojan War, described in Homer's The Iliad: Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and fought on the Greek side, while Andromache was the Trojan prince Hector's wife.
Although nominally under Seleucid control, Pergamon under Philetaerus enjoyed considerable autonomy. However, upon his succession, Eumenes, perhaps with the encouragement of Ptolemy II , who was at war with the Seleucids, revolted, defeating the Seleucid king Antiochus I near the Lydian capital of Sardis in 261 BC.
Pergamum was a thriving center of parchment production during the Hellenistic period. [8] The city so dominated the trade that a legend later arose indicating that parchment had been invented in Pergamon to replace the use of papyrus , which had become monopolized by the rival city of Alexandria .
Galen connected many of his theories to the pneuma and he opposed the Stoics' definition of and use of the pneuma. [62] The Stoics, according to Galen, failed to give a credible answer for the localization of functions of the psyche, or the mind. Through his use of medicine, he was convinced that he came up with a better answer, the brain. [62]