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A vowel sound that is nonexistent in Lojban (usually /ɪ/ as in ' hit ') is added between two consonants to make the word easier to pronounce. Despite altering the phonetics of a word, the use of buffering is completely ignored by grammar. Also, the vowel sound used must not be confused with any existing Lojban vowel.
The suffixes -eh, -huah, and -yoh attach to nouns, deriving a noun with the meaning 'one who owns …' from the suffixes -eh and -huah, and 'one who owns abundantly, characteristically, or is covered in …' from the suffix -yoh, e.g. ninacaceh ' I am an ear-owner — I am prudent ' from nacaz-tli ' ears '; āxcāhuah ' one who has property ...
The basic rule is that words including at least one back vowel get back vowel suffixes (karba – in(to) the arm), while words excluding back vowels get front vowel suffixes (kézbe – in(to) the hand). Single-vowel words which have only the neutral vowels (i, í or é) are unpredictable, but e takes a front-vowel suffix.
Old Norse has three categories of verbs (strong, weak, & present-preterite) and two categories of nouns (strong, weak). Conjugation and declension are carried out by a mix of inflection and two nonconcatenative morphological processes: umlaut, a backness-based alteration to the root vowel; and ablaut, a replacement of the root vowel, in verbs.
consonant gradation: the genitive suffix -n closes the preceding syllable; rk -> r, t->d: talo-ssa 'in the house' märä-ssä paida-ssa 'in a wet shirt' vowel harmony: a word containing ä may not contain the vowels a, o, u; an allomorph of the inessive ending -ssa/ssä is used talo-i-ssa 'in the houses'
The silent e often additionally indicates that the vowel before c is a long vowel, as in rice, mace, and pacesetter. When adding suffixes with i e y (such as -ed , -ing , -er , -est , -ism , -ist , -y , and -ie ) to root words ending in ce , the final e of the root word is often dropped and the root word retains the soft c pronunciation as in ...
This specific form of nonconcatenative morphology is known as base modification or ablaut, a form in which part of the root undergoes a phonological change without necessarily adding new phonological material. In traditional Indo-Europeanist usage, these changes are termed ablaut only when they result from vowel gradations in Proto-Indo-European.
In poetic meter, diaeresis (/ d aɪ ˈ ɛr ə s ɪ s,-ˈ ɪər-/ dy-ERR-ə-siss, - EER-; also spelled diæresis or dieresis) has two meanings: the separate pronunciation of the two vowels in a diphthong for the sake of meter, and a division between feet that corresponds to the division between words.
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