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The stunting effect of kalata B1 cyclic peptide on growth and development of Helicoverpa punctigera, a caterpillar from the Lepidopteran order. [6]Cyclotides have been reported to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-HIV, insecticidal, anti-tumour, antifouling, anti-microbial, hemolytic, neurotensin antagonism, trypsin inhibition, and uterotonic activities.
Cyclic peptides in plants are synthesized via a two-step process; the translation of a linear peptide chain, and its subsequent formation into a cyclic structure through activities of a protease-like enzyme or other ways. [6] [7] [8] Some peptides, such as cyclotides, are gene-coded products obtained by the processing of larger precursor proteins.
Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a small neuroactive peptide that belongs to a group of bioactive 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) and is also known as cyclo-glycine-proline. cGP is a neutral, stable naturally occurring compound and is endogenous to the human body; found in human plasma, breast milk and cerebrospinal fluid.
A number of natural antimicrobial peptides are cyclic, and the products of SICLOPPS are "increasingly viewed as ideal backbones for modulation of protein-protein interactions." [3] Circular peptides tend to be resistant to protease activity, and may be suitable for use as orally administered drugs.
Nonribosomal peptides are also found in higher organisms, such as nudibranchs, but are thought to be made by bacteria inside these organisms. [1] While there exist a wide range of peptides that are not synthesized by ribosomes, the term nonribosomal peptide typically refers to a very specific set of these as discussed in this article.
These peptides vary in structure with each peptide structure performing a different job with in the plant. The minimal length of functioning CLE peptides has been found to be 12 amino acids with several critical residues. [8] There are two different peptide structures that are found within the plant and they are A-type and B-type.
Types include a) cyclic mobius, b) cyclic bracelet, c) acyclic inhibitor knottins. [3] Cystine knot motifs are found frequently in nature in a plethora of plants, animals, and fungi and serve diverse functions from appetite suppression to anti-fungal activity.
The recent spate of popular literature on "plant consciousness" appears to have been triggered by "experiments" with a lie detector, subsequently reported and embellished in a book called The Secret Life of Plants. Unfortunately, when scientists in the discipline of plant physiology attempted to repeat the experiments, using either identical or ...