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The exact cause of velamentous cord insertion is unknown, although risk factors include nulliparity, [2] [6] the use of assisted reproductive technology, [6] [12] maternal obesity, [6] [7] and pregnancy with other placental anomalies. [9] Velamentous cord insertion is often diagnosed using an abdominal ultrasound.
Risk factors for vasa praevia include velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, placenta praevia in the second semester of the pregnancy, accessory placental lobes (succenturiate or bilobate placenta []), multiple gestation, and assisted reproduction, especially in vitro fertilisation; [2] an estimated 26% of instances are in pregnancies achieved with medical assistance. [3]
A study published in 2004 was done to establish the sensitivity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of a nuchal cord. Each of 289 women, induced the same day, underwent a transabdominal ultrasound scan with an Aloka 1700 ultrasound machine with a 3.5 MHz abdominal probe, using gray-scale and color Doppler imaging immediately prior to induction of ...
Constriction ring syndrome (CRS) is a congenital disorder with unknown cause. Because of the unknown cause there are many different, and sometimes incorrect, names. It is a malformation due to intrauterine bands or rings that produce deep grooves in (most commonly distal) extremities such as fingers and toes.
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Umbilical cord compression can result from, for example, entanglement of the cord, [16] a knot in the cord, [16] or a nuchal cord, [16] (which is the wrapping of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck) [17] but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation.
In a separate case study reported in 2017, a woman at about 35 weeks of gestation presented with preeclampsia and intrauterine fetal demise, or more commonly known as stillbirth. After delivery of the stillborn fetus, examination of the placenta revealed a circumvallate placenta with battledore insertion of the umbilical cord.
Micrograph of a pap test showing changes (upper right of image) associated with herpes simplex virus, a vertically transmitted infection. Some vertically transmitted infections, such as toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can be effectively treated with antibiotics if the mother is diagnosed early in her pregnancy.