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They were symbols of the choice Europeans and Native Americans faced whenever they met: one end was the pipe of peace, the other an axe of war. [1] [2] [11] In colonial French territory, a different tomahawk design, closer to the ancient European francisca, was in use by French settlers and local peoples. [11]
Weaponry for Native American groups residing in North America can be grouped into five categories: striking weapons, cutting weapons, piercing weapons, defensive weapons, and symbolic weapons. [1] The weaponry varied with proximity to European colonies, with tribes nearer those colonies likelier to have knives and tomahawks with metal components.
Nebo Hill Archeological Site is a prominent former river bluff located in Liberty, Missouri. It has one of the highest elevations in Clay County.One source states the hill is named after the family who owned the property in the 1900s, [2] while according to another source the name is a transfer from Mount Nebo in Jordan.
South American metal working seems to have developed in the Andean region of modern Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina with gold and native copper being hammered and shaped into intricate objects, particularly ornaments. [1] [5] Recent finds date the earliest gold work to 2155–1936 BC. [1] and the earliest copper work to 1432–1132 BC.
Mogollon culture (/ ˌ m oʊ ɡ ə ˈ j oʊ n /) [1] is a pre-historic archaeological culture of Native American peoples from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, Northern Sonora and Chihuahua, and Western Texas. The northern part of this region is Oasisamerica, [2] [3] [4] while the southern span of the Mogollon culture is known as Aridoamerica. [5]
Etowah Indian Mounds are a 54-acre (220,000 m 2) archaeological site in Bartow County, Georgia, south of Cartersville.Built and occupied in three phases, from 1000–1550 CE, the prehistoric site is located on the north shore of the Etowah River.
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Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma and the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes (Wichita, Keechi, Waco and Tawakonie) are recognized by the U.S. Federal government, cultural anthropologists, and archaeologists as the cultural descendants of the builders of Spiro Mounds.