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Straight, clear, smooth concrete-walled channels speed up flow, and are therefore likely to make flooding downstream worse. Modern flood control seeks to "slow the flow", and deliberately flood some low-lying areas, ideally vegetated, to act as sponges, letting them drain again as the floodwaters go down. [4] [5] [6] [better source needed]
In US usage in particular, it is a shallow channel with gently sloping sides. Such a swale may be either natural or human-made. Artificial swales are often infiltration basins , designed to manage water runoff , filter pollutants , and increase rainwater infiltration . [ 2 ]
The drain is characterized by its long length and narrow width, the cross-section of the drain is a function of the maximum flow volume anticipated from the surrounding surface. Channels can range from 1 inch (2.5 cm) to 2 feet (61 cm) in width, while depths can reach up to 4 feet (120 cm).
A minimum energy loss culvert or waterway is a structure designed with the concept of minimum head loss. The flow in the approach channel is contracted through a streamlined inlet into the barrel where the channel width is minimum, and then it is expanded in a streamlined outlet before being finally released into the downstream natural channel.
They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%). [2]: 19 Bioswale design is intended to safely maximize the time water spends in the swale, which aids the collection and removal of pollutants, silt and debris. Depending on the site topography, the bioswale channel may be straight or meander.
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The vertical hard basin drop structure, also called a dissipation wall, is the basic type of drop structure.The vertical hard basin drop consists of a vertical cutoff wall, usually built of concrete, that is usually laid perpendicular to the stream flow, and an impact basin, not unlike a stream pool, to catch the discharged water.
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