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Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated.
In economics, the principle of absolute advantage is the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce a good or service more efficiently than its competitors. [ 1][ 2] The Scottish economist Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade in 1776, using labor as the only ...
The Urdu Wikipedia (Urdu: اردو ویکیپیڈیا), started in January 2004, is the Standard Urdu-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, open-content encyclopedia. [1] [2] As of 19 August 2024, it has 209,278 articles, 183,465 registered users and 12,672 files, and it is the 54th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 20th in terms of depth among Wikipedias with over ...
Islamization of knowledge. v. t. e. Islamic economics ( Arabic: الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. [ 1] Islam has a set of special moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior.
Vibrating-sample magnetometer. VSM schematic. VSM setup. A vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) (also referred to as a Foner magnetometer) is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties based on Faraday’s Law of Induction. Simon Foner at MIT Lincoln Laboratory invented VSM in 1955 and reported it in 1959. [ 1]
Phytoremediation technologies use living plants to clean up soil, air and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants. [ 1] It is defined as "the use of green plants and the associated microorganisms, along with proper soil amendments and agronomic techniques to either contain, remove or render toxic environmental contaminants harmless". [ 2]
Kaufman has tried to compare White's first-move advantage with various positional or material advantages by having engines play games from modified versions of the opening position: he concludes that "if we define 1.00 as the advantage of a clean extra pawn in the opening with all other factors being equal, it takes above a 0.70 advantage in ...
The backward advantage[ 2] ( simplified Chinese: 后发优势; traditional Chinese: 後發優勢 ), or the ' advantage of backwardness', [ 3] also known as latecomer's advantage, [ 4] is a notion first formulated by the Russian-American economist Alexander Gerschenkron [ 5] in 1952. [ 6] However, there is one who argues that it was the American ...