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Kaufman has tried to compare White's first-move advantage with various positional or material advantages by having engines play games from modified versions of the opening position: he concludes that "if we define 1.00 as the advantage of a clean extra pawn in the opening with all other factors being equal, it takes above a 0.70 advantage in ...
In economics, the principle of absolute advantage is the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce a good or service more efficiently than its competitors. [ 1][ 2] The Scottish economist Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade in 1776, using labor as the only ...
Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya or Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam ( Urdu: اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ) is the largest Islamic encyclopedia published in Urdu by University of the Punjab. Originally it is a translated, expanded and revised version of Encyclopedia of Islam. Its composition began in the 1950s at University of the Punjab.
Islamization of knowledge. v. t. e. Islamic economics ( Arabic: الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. [ 1] Islam has a set of special moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior.
Barbara McClintock delivers her Nobel lecture. A lecture (from Latin: lēctūra 'reading') is an oral presentation intended to present information or teach people about a particular subject, for example by a university or college teacher. Lectures are used to convey critical information, history, background, theories, and equations.
Equal opportunity is a state of fairness in which individuals are treated similarly, unhampered by artificial barriers, prejudices, or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified. [ 1] For example, the intent of equal employment opportunity is that the important jobs in an organization should go to the people ...
Vibrating-sample magnetometer. VSM schematic. VSM setup. A vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) (also referred to as a Foner magnetometer) is a scientific instrument that measures magnetic properties based on Faraday’s Law of Induction. Simon Foner at MIT Lincoln Laboratory invented VSM in 1955 and reported it in 1959. [ 1]
The Urdu Wikipedia (Urdu: اردو ویکیپیڈیا), started in January 2004, is the Standard Urdu-language edition of Wikipedia, a free, open-content encyclopedia. [1] [2] As of 19 August 2024, it has 209,278 articles, 183,465 registered users and 12,672 files, and it is the 54th largest edition of Wikipedia by article count, and ranks 20th in terms of depth among Wikipedias with over ...