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Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Nystagmus. Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases) [1] eye movement. [2] People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in reduced or limited vision. [3] In normal eyesight, while the head rotates about an axis, distant visual images are sustained by ...
Nystagmus, difficulty walking, and seizures may occur in some dogs. The cause is unknown, but it may be mediated by the immune system. One theory is that there is an autoimmune-induced generalized deficiency of neurotransmitters. [2] Cerebrospinal fluid analysis may reveal an increased number of lymphocytes. [3]
Dogs yawn when they are tired (like humans) or under stress. [ 1]: 120–122. Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal. [citation needed] Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking ...
According to pet behaviorists, "whale eye" is something that they would love for dog owners to take notice of. As dog behaviorist Kerry Stack, founder of Darwin Dogs Training, says, dog bites ...
Possessiveness. Frustration. Dominance. Pain/illness. “Fear is a common cause of aggression in dogs,” Dr. Barnette says. “When your dog is scared, they have two options — run away or stick ...
Alexander's law refers to gaze-evoked nystagmus that occurs after an acute unilateral vestibular loss. It was first described in 1912 and has three elements to explain how the vestibulo-ocular reflex responds to an acute vestibular insult. The first element says that spontaneous nystagmus after an acute vestibular impairment has the fast phase ...
Specialty. Neurology. Intention tremor is a dyskinetic disorder characterized by a broad, coarse, and low-frequency (below 5 Hz) tremor evident during deliberate and visually-guided movement (hence the name intention tremor). An intention tremor is usually perpendicular to the direction of movement. When experiencing an intention tremor, one ...