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Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Nystagmus. Nystagmus is a condition of involuntary (or voluntary, in some cases) [1] eye movement. [2] People can be born with it but more commonly acquire it in infancy or later in life. In many cases it may result in reduced or limited vision. [3] In normal eyesight, while the head rotates about an axis, distant visual images are sustained by ...
Parinaud's syndrome is a constellation of neurological signs indicating injury to the dorsal midbrain. More specifically, compression of the vertical gaze center at the rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF). It is a group of abnormalities of eye movement and pupil dysfunction and is named for Henri Parinaud [ 6 ...
According to pet behaviorists, "whale eye" is something that they would love for dog owners to take notice of. As dog behaviorist Kerry Stack, founder of Darwin Dogs Training, says, dog bites ...
Possessiveness. Frustration. Dominance. Pain/illness. “Fear is a common cause of aggression in dogs,” Dr. Barnette says. “When your dog is scared, they have two options — run away or stick ...
Dogs yawn when they are tired (like humans) or under stress. [ 1]: 120–122. Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal. [citation needed] Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking ...
Prolonged recovery time. Low blood pressure. Abnormal heart rate. Difficulty breathing or apnea. Body temperature fluctuations. If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms during or after ...
Motion sickness occurs due to a difference between actual and expected motion. [ 1][ 2][ 4] Symptoms commonly include nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, headache, dizziness, tiredness, loss of appetite, and increased salivation. [ 1][ 5] Complications may rarely include dehydration, electrolyte problems, or a lower esophageal tear.