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The Urdu alphabet ( Urdu: اردو حروفِ تہجی, romanized : urdū ḥurūf-i tahajjī) is the right-to-left alphabet used for writing Urdu. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which itself is derived from the Arabic script. It has official status in the republics of Pakistan, India and South Africa.
Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
Urdu in its less formalised register is known as rekhta (ریختہ, rek̤h̤tah, 'rough mixture', Urdu pronunciation:); the more formal register is sometimes referred to as زبانِ اُردُوئے معلّٰى, zabān-i Urdū-yi muʿallá, 'language of the exalted camp' (Urdu pronunciation: [zəbaːn eː ʊrdu eː moəllaː]) or لشکری ...
Hindustani is the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan, and through its two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, a co-official language of India and co-official and national language of Pakistan respectively. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani ( Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia ...
The Urdu keyboard is any keyboard layout for Urdu computer and typewriter keyboards. Since the first Urdu typewriter was made available in 1911, the layout has gone through various phases of evolution. [ 1] With time, the variety of layouts introduced in the 1950s for mechanized compositions have reduced to very few that are compatible with the ...
Independent vowels are constructed using the three vowel-bearing characters: [6] ੳ ūṛā, ਅ aiṛā, and ੲ īṛī. [23] With the exception of aiṛā (which in isolation represents the vowel ), the bearer vowels are never used without additional vowel diacritics. [31] Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to.
The Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanization scheme is an international standard for romanising ( transliterating into the Latin alphabet) Urdu and Hindi (sometimes jointly referred to as the Hindustani language, particularly in the era of British India ). Syed Fasih Uddin and Quader Unissa Begum presented the scheme in 1992, at the First ...