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Non-material culture. Culture consists of both material culture and non-material culture. Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture are called the non-material culture. [ 1] In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include any physical objects or artifacts. Examples of non-material culture include any ideals, ideas, beliefs ...
Symbolic culture is a domain of objective facts whose existence depends, paradoxically, on collective belief. A currency system, for example, exists only for as long as people continue to have faith in it. When confidence in monetary facts collapses, the "facts" themselves suddenly disappear. Much the same applies to citizenship, government ...
The difference between material culture and non-material culture is known as cultural lag. The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and the resulting social problems that are caused by this lag. In other words, cultural lag occurs whenever there is an unequal rate of change ...
Social fact. In sociology, social facts are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim defined the term, and argued that the discipline of sociology should be understood as the empirical study of social facts.
Cultural bias. Cultural bias is the interpretation and judgment of phenomena by the standards of one's own culture. It is sometimes considered a problem central to social and human sciences, such as economics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Some practitioners of these fields have attempted to develop methods and theories to compensate ...
Cultural trait. A cultural trait is a single identifiable material or non-material element within a culture, and is conceivable as an object in itself. [ 1][ 2][ 3] Similar traits can be grouped together as components, or subsystems of culture; [ 4] the terms sociofact and mentifact (or psychofact) [ 5] were coined by biologist Julian Huxley as ...
Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social behavior in the interaction of two parties that implement a cost-benefit analysis to determine risks and benefits. The theory also involves economic relationships—the cost-benefit analysis occurs when each party has goods that the other parties value. [ 1]
Cultural studies. Cultural studies is a politically engaged postdisciplinary academic field that explores the dynamics of especially contemporary culture (including the politics of popular culture) and its social and historical foundations. [ 1] Cultural studies researchers generally investigate how cultural practices relate to wider systems of ...