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This stands for Level, as in the sound pressure level measured through a microphone or the electronic signal level measured at the output from an audio component, such as a mixing desk. Measurement results depend on the frequency weighting (how the sound level meter responds to different sound frequencies), and time weighting (how the sound ...
Loudness monitoring of programme levels is needed in radio and television broadcasting, as well as in audio post production.Traditional methods of measuring signal levels, such as the peak programme meter and VU meter, do not give the subjectively valid measure of loudness that many would argue is needed to optimise the listening experience when changing channels or swapping disks.
R 128 recommends normalising audio at the target level of −23 LUFS. This measurement is the integrated loudness calculated over the whole duration of the programme and in the entirety of its contents (i.e. without emphasising specific foreground elements, such as voice). [1] A deviation of ±0.5 LU is permitted.
An analog VU meter with peak LED. A volume unit (VU) meter or standard volume indicator (SVI) is a device displaying a representation of the signal level in audio equipment.. The original design was proposed in the 1940 IRE paper, A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level, written by experts from CBS, NBC, and Bell Telephone Laboratories. [1]
A typical British quasi-PPM. Each division between '1' and '7' is exactly four decibels and '6' is the intended maximum level. A peak programme meter (PPM) is an instrument used in professional audio that indicates the level of an audio signal. Different kinds of PPM fall into broad categories: True peak programme meter. This shows the peak ...
Thus, the meter might not ever accurately reflect the signal at every instant of time, but the constantly changing level, combined with the slower response time, led to more of an average indication. By comparison, a peak meter is designed to respond so quickly that the meter display reacts in exact proportion to the voltage of the audio signal.
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Relative loudness monitoring in production is measured in accordance with ITU-R BS.1770 in units of LKFS. [12] Work began on ITU-R BS.1770 in 2001 after 0 dBFS+ level distortion in converters and lossy codecs had become evident; and the original Leq(RLB) [clarification needed] loudness metric was proposed by Gilbert Soulodre in 2003. [13]