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The human skin is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the integumentary system. The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue guarding muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Human skin is similar to most of the other mammals' skin, and it is very similar to pig skin.
Tissue growth is the process by which a tissue increases its size. In animals, tissue growth occurs during embryonic development, post-natal growth, and tissue regeneration. The fundamental cellular basis for tissue growth is the process of cell proliferation, which involves both cell growth and cell division occurring in parallel. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The anatomy of human skin. Dermal macrophages are usually present in the dermis and around hair follicles. Dermal macrophages are macrophages in the skin that facilitate skin homeostasis by mediating wound repair, hair growth, and salt balance. [1] Their functional role in these processes is the mediator of inflammation.
If the mean linear rate of bone resorption is known, the bone resorption portion (σ r) can be similarly calculated: [5] = Consequently, the entire bone remodeling period (σ r + f, equivalent to σ) can be represented by the following formula: [5] (+) = + The linear bone resorption rate (M r) cannot be measured directly, but it approximates a ...
Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life. Homeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change when already in optimal conditions, [2] and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms; it is thought to be the central motivation for all organic ...
In humans with non-injured tissues, the tissue naturally regenerates over time; by default, new available cells replace expended cells. For example, the body regenerates a full bone within ten years, while non-injured skin tissue is regenerated within two weeks. [2] With injured tissue, the body usually has a different response.
Optimal bone health is characterized by adequate bone mineral density (BMD) and proper bone microarchitecture, which together contribute to bone strength. [2] Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fractures, is a major concern in bone health, particularly among older adults.
Over the lifespan of an individual, bone is constantly being reconstructed as specialised cells remove and deposit bone leading to a constant renewal of the bone material. [4] The continuous resorption and deposition leaves gaps in the record of growth and missing bone tissue is a case at any stage of a vertebrate's life cycle; 'complete ...