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The encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown-managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. [8] Like the encomienda, the new repartimiento did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a ...
The institution of chattel slavery was established in North America in the 16th century under Spanish colonization, British colonization, French colonization, and Dutch colonization. After the United States was founded in 1776, the country split into slave states (states permitting slavery) and free states (states prohibiting slavery).
In South America Simon Bolivar abolished slavery in the lands that he liberated. However, it was not a unified process. Some countries, including Peru and Ecuador, reintroduced slavery for some time after achieving independence. The Assembly of Year XIII (1813) of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata declared the freedom of wombs. It ...
The American Revolution led to the first abolition laws in the Americas, although the institution of chattel slavery would continue to exist and expand across the Southern United States until finally being abolished at the time of the American Civil War in 1865. [2] [3] [4]
One tool was the encomienda system; [18] [19] [20] new encomiendas were outlawed in the New Laws of 1542, but old ones continued, and the 1542 restriction was revoked in 1545. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] As the demand for labor in the West Indies grew with the cultivation of sugarcane , Europeans exported enslaved Native Americans to the "sugar islands".
All Northern states had abolished slavery to some degree by 1805, sometimes with completion at a future date, sometimes with an intermediary status of unpaid indentured servant. Abolition was in many cases a gradual process. Some slaveowners, primarily in the Upper South, freed their slaves, and charitable groups bought and freed others.
Andrew Jackson (lived, 1767–1845; U.S. presidency, 1829–1837) bought and sold slaves from 1788 until 1844, both for use on his plantations and for short-term gain through slave arbitrage.
Independence, however, did initiate the abolition of slavery in Spanish America, as it was seen as part of the independence struggle, since many slaves had gained their manumission by joining the patriot armies. In areas where slavery was not a major source of labor (Mexico, Central America, Chile), emancipation occurred almost immediately ...