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The Borate Minerals are minerals which contain a borate anion group. The borate (BO 3) units may be polymerised similar to the SiO 4 unit of the silicate mineral class. This results in B 2 O 5, B 3 O 6, B 2 O 4 anions as well as more complex structures which include hydroxide or halogen anions. [2] The [B(O,OH) 4] − anion exists as well.
Borate ions occur, alone or with other anions, in many borate and borosilicate minerals such as borax, boracite, ulexite (boronatrocalcite) and colemanite. Borates also occur in seawater, where they make an important contribution to the absorption of low frequency sound in seawater. [1] Borates also occur in plants, including almost all fruits. [2]
Many sodium borates have important industrial and household applications; the best known being borax, (Na +) 2 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4] 2− ·8H 2 O = Na 2 B 4 H 20 O 17. The ternary phase diagram of the Na 2 O – B 2 O 3 – H 2 O phase diagram in the 0–100 °C temperature range contains 13 unique hydrated crystalline sodium borates, including ...
Borate glasses also have major differences in their optical properties. [ 2 ] The single largest use of boron compounds in the world (accounting for half of total global use) is the production of certain types of boron-treated glass fiber for insulating and structural fiberglass . [ 3 ]
The borate oxalates are chemical compounds containing borate and oxalate anions. Where the oxalate group is bound to the borate via oxygen, ...
Trimethyl borate is a popular borate ester used in organic synthesis. Borate esters form spontaneously when treated with diols such as sugars and the reaction with mannitol forms the basis of a titrimetric analytical method for boric acid. Metaborate esters show considerable Lewis acidity and can initiate epoxide polymerization reactions. [4]
The named partners were brothers C. Ward Rapp (1860–1926) and George L. Rapp (1878–1941), sons of a builder and natives of Carbondale, Illinois. Their Chicago practice is not to be confused with the Trinidad, Colorado practice of their brothers Isaac H. Rapp (1854–1933) and William M. Rapp (1863–1920) or the notable Cincinnati ...
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