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A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics.The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). [1]
The concept and the name of gauge theory derives from the work of Hermann Weyl in 1918. [1] Weyl, in an attempt to generalize the geometrical ideas of general relativity to include electromagnetism, conjectured that Eichinvarianz or invariance under the change of scale (or "gauge") might also be a local symmetry of general relativity.
Electromagnetic theory possess the simplest kind of local gauge symmetry called () (see unitary group). A theory that displays local gauge invariance is called a gauge theory. In order to formulate other gauge theories we turn the above reasoning inside out. This is the subject of the next section.
Gauge symmetry is an example of a local symmetry, with the symmetry described by a Lie group (which mathematically describe continuous symmetries), which in the context of gauge theory is called the gauge group of the theory. Quantum chromodynamics and quantum electrodynamics are famous examples of gauge theories.
The gauge covariant derivative is used in many areas of physics, including quantum field theory and fluid dynamics and in a very special way general relativity. If a physical theory is independent of the choice of local frames, the group of local frame changes, the gauge transformations , act on the fields in the theory while leaving unchanged ...
In physics, lattice gauge theory is the study of gauge theories on a spacetime that has been discretized into a lattice. Gauge theories are important in particle physics , and include the prevailing theories of elementary particles : quantum electrodynamics , quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and particle physics' Standard Model .
A gauge theory of elementary particles is a very attractive potential framework for constructing the Grand Unified Theory of physics. Such a theory has the very desirable property of being potentially renormalizable—shorthand for saying that all calculational infinities encountered can be consistently absorbed into a few parameters of the theory.
The first gauge model of gravity was suggested by Ryoyu Utiyama (1916–1990) in 1956 [1] just two years after birth of the gauge theory itself. [2] However, the initial attempts to construct the gauge theory of gravity by analogy with the gauge models of internal symmetries encountered a problem of treating general covariant transformations and establishing the gauge status of a pseudo ...