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In veterinary anatomy, the term hyoid apparatus is the collective term used to refer to the bones of the tongue—a pair of stylohyoidea, a pair of thyrohyoidea, and unpaired basihyoideum [21] —and associated, upper-gular connective tissues. [22] In humans, the single hyoid bone is an equivalent of the hyoid apparatus. [23]
Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyrohyoid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, and omohyoid muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone. It is pierced by the superior laryngeal nerve . [ 2 ] It is also pierced the superior thyroid artery , where there is a thickening of the membrane.
Anatomy figure: 34:02-09 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center "Anatomy diagram: 25420.000-1". Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2013-12-31. Diagram Archived 2005-09-09 at the Wayback Machine
The hyoid apparatus is the collective term used in veterinary anatomy for the bones which suspend the tongue and larynx. [1] It consists of pairs of stylohyoid, thyrohyoid, epihyoid and ceratohyoid bones, and a single basihyoid bone. [2] The hyoid apparatus resembles the shape of a trapeze, [3] or a bent letter "H". [4]
It attaches at the lesser horn of hyoid bone [1] [2] inferiorly, [citation needed] and (the apex of [1]) the styloid process of the temporal bone [1] [2] superiorly. [ citation needed ] The ligament gives attachment to the superior-most fibres of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle .
The entire superior edge of the thyroid cartilage is attached to the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane. The thyroid cartilage is found between the levels of the C4 to C5 vertebrae. The oblique line is a line on the thyroid cartilage. It marks the upper lateral borders of the thyroid gland.
These four muscles have different actions, but in general assist in elevating the hyoid bone and widening the esophagus during swallowing.When the two bellies of the digastric contract, they pull upward on the hyoid bone; but if the hyoid is fixed from below, the digastric assists in extreme opening of the mouth such as yawning or taking a large bite of an apple. [1]
The mylohyoid muscle elevates the hyoid bone and the tongue. This is particularly important during swallowing and speaking. Alternatively, if other muscles are used to keep the position of the hyoid bone fixed, then the mylohyoid muscle depresses the mandible. [1] It also functions as reinforcing the floor of mouth. [1]